4 /* PDCLib internal integer logic <_PDCLIB_int.h>
6 This file is part of the Public Domain C Library (PDCLib).
7 Permission is granted to use, modify, and / or redistribute at will.
10 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
11 /* You should not have to edit anything in this file; if you DO have to, it */
12 /* would be considered a bug / missing feature: notify the author(s). */
13 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
15 #include <_PDCLIB_config.h>
16 #include <_PDCLIB_aux.h>
18 /* null pointer constant */
19 #define _PDCLIB_NULL 0
21 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
22 /* Limits of native datatypes */
23 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
24 /* The definition of minimum limits for unsigned datatypes is done because */
25 /* later on we will "construct" limits for other abstract types: */
26 /* USHRT -> _PDCLIB_ + USHRT + _MIN -> _PDCLIB_USHRT_MIN -> 0 */
27 /* INT -> _PDCLIB_ + INT + _MIN -> _PDCLIB_INT_MIN -> ... you get the idea. */
28 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
30 /* Setting 'char' limits */
31 #define _PDCLIB_CHAR_BIT 8
32 #define _PDCLIB_UCHAR_MIN 0
33 #define _PDCLIB_UCHAR_MAX 0xff
34 #define _PDCLIB_SCHAR_MIN (-0x7f - 1)
35 #define _PDCLIB_SCHAR_MAX 0x7f
36 #ifdef _PDCLIB_CHAR_SIGNED
37 #define _PDCLIB_CHAR_MIN _PDCLIB_SCHAR_MIN
38 #define _PDCLIB_CHAR_MAX _PDCLIB_SCHAR_MAX
40 #define _PDCLIB_CHAR_MIN 0
41 #define _PDCLIB_CHAR_MAX _PDCLIB_UCHAR_MAX
44 /* Setting 'short' limits */
45 #if _PDCLIB_SHRT_BYTES == 2
46 #define _PDCLIB_SHRT_MAX 0x7fff
47 #define _PDCLIB_SHRT_MIN (-0x7fff - 1)
48 #define _PDCLIB_USHRT_MAX 0xffff
50 #error Unsupported width of 'short' (not 16 bit).
52 #define _PDCLIB_USHRT_MIN 0
54 #if _PDCLIB_INT_BYTES < _PDCLIB_SHRT_BYTES
55 #error Bogus setting: short > int? Check _PDCLIB_config.h.
58 /* Setting 'int' limits */
59 #if _PDCLIB_INT_BYTES == 2
60 #define _PDCLIB_INT_MAX 0x7fff
61 #define _PDCLIB_INT_MIN (-0x7fff - 1)
62 #define _PDCLIB_UINT_MAX 0xffffU
63 #elif _PDCLIB_INT_BYTES == 4
64 #define _PDCLIB_INT_MAX 0x7fffffff
65 #define _PDCLIB_INT_MIN (-0x7fffffff - 1)
66 #define _PDCLIB_UINT_MAX 0xffffffffU
67 #elif _PDCLIB_INT_BYTES == 8
68 #define _PDCLIB_INT_MAX 0x7fffffffffffffff
69 #define _PDCLIB_INT_MIN (-0x7fffffffffffffff - 1)
70 #define _PDCLIB_UINT_MAX 0xffffffffffffffff
72 #error Unsupported width of 'int' (neither 16, 32, nor 64 bit).
74 #define _PDCLIB_UINT_MIN 0
76 /* Setting 'long' limits */
77 #if _PDCLIB_LONG_BYTES == 4
78 #define _PDCLIB_LONG_MAX 0x7fffffffL
79 #define _PDCLIB_LONG_MIN (-0x7fffffffL - 1L)
80 #define _PDCLIB_ULONG_MAX 0xffffffffUL
81 #elif _PDCLIB_LONG_BYTES == 8
82 #define _PDCLIB_LONG_MAX 0x7fffffffffffffffL
83 #define _PDCLIB_LONG_MIN (-0x7fffffffffffffffL - 1L)
84 #define _PDCLIB_ULONG_MAX 0xffffffffffffffffUL
86 #error Unsupported width of 'long' (neither 32 nor 64 bit).
88 #define _PDCLIB_ULONG_MIN 0
90 /* Setting 'long long' limits */
91 #if _PDCLIB_LLONG_BYTES == 8
92 #define _PDCLIB_LLONG_MAX 0x7fffffffffffffffLL
93 #define _PDCLIB_LLONG_MIN (-0x7fffffffffffffffLL - 1LL)
94 #define _PDCLIB_ULLONG_MAX 0xffffffffffffffffULL
95 #elif _PDCLIB_LLONG_BYTES == 16
96 #define _PDCLIB_LLONG_MAX 0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffLL
97 #define _PDCLIB_LLONG_MIN (-0x7fffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffLL - 1LL)
98 #define _PDCLIB_ULLONG_MAX 0xffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffULL
100 #error Unsupported width of 'long long' (neither 64 nor 128 bit).
102 #define _PDCLIB_ULLONG_MIN 0
104 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
105 /* <stdint.h> exact-width types and their limits */
106 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
107 /* Note that, for the "standard" widths of 8, 16, 32 and 64 bit, the "LEAST" */
108 /* types are identical to the "exact-width" types, by definition. */
110 /* Setting 'int8_t', its limits, its literal, and conversion macros. */
111 #if _PDCLIB_CHAR_BIT == 8
112 typedef signed char _PDCLIB_int8_t;
113 typedef unsigned char _PDCLIB_uint8_t;
114 #define _PDCLIB_INT8_MAX _PDCLIB_CHAR_MAX
115 #define _PDCLIB_INT8_MIN _PDCLIB_CHAR_MIN
116 #define _PDCLIB_UINT8_MAX _PDCLIB_UCHAR_MAX
117 #define _PDCLIB_8_CONV hh
119 #error Unsupported width of char (not 8 bits).
122 /* Setting 'int16_t', its limits, its literal, and conversion macros. */
123 #if _PDCLIB_INT_BYTES == 2
124 typedef signed int _PDCLIB_int16_t;
125 typedef unsigned int _PDCLIB_uint16_t;
126 #define _PDCLIB_INT16_MAX _PDCLIB_INT_MAX
127 #define _PDCLIB_INT16_MIN _PDCLIB_INT_MIN
128 #define _PDCLIB_UINT16_MAX _PDCLIB_UINT_MAX
129 #define _PDCLIB_16_CONV
130 #elif _PDCLIB_SHRT_BYTES == 2
131 typedef signed short _PDCLIB_int16_t;
132 typedef unsigned short _PDCLIB_uint16_t;
133 #define _PDCLIB_INT16_MAX _PDCLIB_SHRT_MAX
134 #define _PDCLIB_INT16_MIN _PDCLIB_SHRT_MIN
135 #define _PDCLIB_UINT16_MAX _PDCLIB_USHRT_MAX
136 #define _PDCLIB_16_CONV h
138 #error Neither 'short' nor 'int' are 16-bit.
141 /* Setting 'int32_t', its limits, its literal, and conversion macros. */
142 #if _PDCLIB_INT_BYTES == 4
143 typedef signed int _PDCLIB_int32_t;
144 typedef unsigned int _PDCLIB_uint32_t;
145 #define _PDCLIB_INT32_MAX _PDCLIB_INT_MAX
146 #define _PDCLIB_INT32_MIN _PDCLIB_INT_MIN
147 #define _PDCLIB_UINT32_MAX _PDCLIB_UINT_MAX
148 #define _PDCLIB_INT32_LITERAL
149 #define _PDCLIB_UINT32_LITERAL
150 #define _PDCLIB_32_CONV
151 #elif _PDCLIB_LONG_BYTES == 4
152 typedef signed long _PDCLIB_int32_t;
153 typedef unsigned long _PDCLIB_uint32_t;
154 #define _PDCLIB_INT32_MAX _PDCLIB_LONG_MAX
155 #define _PDCLIB_INT32_MIN _PDCLIB_LONG_MIN
156 #define _PDCLIB_UINT32_MAX _PDCLIB_LONG_MAX
157 #define _PDCLIB_INT32_LITERAL l
158 #define _PDCLIB_UINT32_LITERAL ul
159 #define _PDCLIB_32_CONV l
161 #error Neither 'int' nor 'long' are 32-bit.
164 /* Setting 'int64_t', its limits, its literal, and conversion macros. */
165 #if _PDCLIB_LONG_BYTES == 8
166 typedef signed long _PDCLIB_int64_t;
167 typedef unsigned long _PDCLIB_uint64_t;
168 #define _PDCLIB_INT64_MAX _PDCLIB_LONG_MAX
169 #define _PDCLIB_INT64_MIN _PDCLIB_LONG_MIN
170 #define _PDCLIB_UINT64_MAX _PDCLIB_ULONG_MAX
171 #define _PDCLIB_INT64_LITERAL l
172 #define _PDCLIB_UINT64_LITERAL ul
173 #define _PDCLIB_64_CONV l
174 #elif _PDCLIB_LLONG_BYTES == 8
175 typedef signed long long _PDCLIB_int64_t;
176 typedef unsigned long long _PDCLIB_uint64_t;
177 #define _PDCLIB_INT64_MAX _PDCLIB_LLONG_MAX
178 #define _PDCLIB_INT64_MIN _PDCLIB_LLONG_MIN
179 #define _PDCLIB_UINT64_MAX _PDCLIB_ULLONG_MAX
180 #define _PDCLIB_INT64_LITERAL ll
181 #define _PDCLIB_UINT64_LITERAL ull
182 #define _PDCLIB_64_CONV ll
184 #error Neither 'long' nor 'long long' are 64-bit.
187 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
188 /* <stdint.h> "fastest" types and their limits */
189 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
190 /* This is, admittedly, butt-ugly. But at least it's ugly where the average */
191 /* user of PDCLib will never see it, and makes <_PDCLIB_config.h> much */
193 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
195 typedef _PDCLIB_fast8 _PDCLIB_int_fast8_t;
196 typedef unsigned _PDCLIB_fast8 _PDCLIB_uint_fast8_t;
197 #define _PDCLIB_INT_FAST8_MIN _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_FAST8 ), _MIN )
198 #define _PDCLIB_INT_FAST8_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_FAST8 ), _MAX )
199 #define _PDCLIB_UINT_FAST8_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_U, _PDCLIB_FAST8 ), _MAX )
201 typedef _PDCLIB_fast16 _PDCLIB_int_fast16_t;
202 typedef unsigned _PDCLIB_fast16 _PDCLIB_uint_fast16_t;
203 #define _PDCLIB_INT_FAST16_MIN _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_FAST16 ), _MIN )
204 #define _PDCLIB_INT_FAST16_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_FAST16 ), _MAX )
205 #define _PDCLIB_UINT_FAST16_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_U, _PDCLIB_FAST16 ), _MAX )
207 typedef _PDCLIB_fast32 _PDCLIB_int_fast32_t;
208 typedef unsigned _PDCLIB_fast32 _PDCLIB_uint_fast32_t;
209 #define _PDCLIB_INT_FAST32_MIN _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_FAST32 ), _MIN )
210 #define _PDCLIB_INT_FAST32_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_FAST32 ), _MAX )
211 #define _PDCLIB_UINT_FAST32_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_U, _PDCLIB_FAST32 ), _MAX )
213 typedef _PDCLIB_fast64 _PDCLIB_int_fast64_t;
214 typedef unsigned _PDCLIB_fast64 _PDCLIB_uint_fast64_t;
215 #define _PDCLIB_INT_FAST64_MIN _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_FAST64 ), _MIN )
216 #define _PDCLIB_INT_FAST64_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_FAST64 ), _MAX )
217 #define _PDCLIB_UINT_FAST64_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_U, _PDCLIB_FAST64 ), _MAX )
219 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
220 /* Various <stddef.h> typedefs and limits */
221 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
223 typedef _PDCLIB_ptrdiff _PDCLIB_ptrdiff_t;
224 #define _PDCLIB_PTRDIFF_MIN _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_PTRDIFF ), _MIN )
225 #define _PDCLIB_PTRDIFF_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_PTRDIFF ), _MAX )
227 #define _PDCLIB_SIG_ATOMIC_MIN _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_SIG_ATOMIC ), _MIN )
228 #define _PDCLIB_SIG_ATOMIC_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_SIG_ATOMIC ), _MAX )
230 typedef _PDCLIB_size _PDCLIB_size_t;
231 #define _PDCLIB_SIZE_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_SIZE ), _MAX )
233 typedef _PDCLIB_wchar _PDCLIB_wchar_t;
234 #define _PDCLIB_WCHAR_MIN _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_WCHAR ), _MIN )
235 #define _PDCLIB_WCHAR_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_WCHAR ), _MAX )
237 typedef _PDCLIB_intptr _PDCLIB_intptr_t;
238 typedef unsigned _PDCLIB_intptr _PDCLIB_uintptr_t;
239 #define _PDCLIB_INTPTR_MIN _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_INTPTR ), _MIN )
240 #define _PDCLIB_INTPTR_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_INTPTR ), _MAX )
241 #define _PDCLIB_UINTPTR_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_U, _PDCLIB_INTPTR ), _MAX )
243 typedef _PDCLIB_intmax _PDCLIB_intmax_t;
244 typedef unsigned _PDCLIB_intmax _PDCLIB_uintmax_t;
245 #define _PDCLIB_INTMAX_MIN _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_INTMAX ), _MIN )
246 #define _PDCLIB_INTMAX_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_, _PDCLIB_INTMAX ), _MAX )
247 #define _PDCLIB_UINTMAX_MAX _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_concat( _PDCLIB_U, _PDCLIB_INTMAX ), _MAX )
248 #define _PDCLIB_INTMAX_C( value ) _PDCLIB_concat( value, _PDCLIB_INTMAX_LITERAL )
249 #define _PDCLIB_UINTMAX_C( value ) _PDCLIB_concat( value, _PDCLIB_concat( u, _PDCLIB_INTMAX_LITERAL ) )
251 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
252 /* Various <time.h> internals */
253 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
255 typedef _PDCLIB_time _PDCLIB_time_t;
256 typedef _PDCLIB_clock _PDCLIB_clock_t;
258 #if !defined(_PDCLIB_DEFINE_STRUCT_TIMESPEC)
259 #define _PDCLIB_DEFINE_STRUCT_TIMESPEC() \
266 #if !defined(_PDCLIB_DEFINE_STRUCT_TM)
267 #define _PDCLIB_DEFINE_STRUCT_TM() \
281 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
282 /* Various <stdio.h> internals */
283 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
285 /* Flags for representing mode (see fopen()). Note these must fit the same
286 status field as the _IO?BF flags in <stdio.h> and the internal flags below.
288 #define _PDCLIB_FREAD 8u
289 #define _PDCLIB_FWRITE 16u
290 #define _PDCLIB_FAPPEND 32u
291 #define _PDCLIB_FRW 64u
292 #define _PDCLIB_FBIN 128u
294 /* Internal flags, made to fit the same status field as the flags above. */
295 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
296 /* free() the buffer memory on closing (false for user-supplied buffer) */
297 #define _PDCLIB_FREEBUFFER 512u
298 /* stream has encountered error / EOF */
299 #define _PDCLIB_ERRORFLAG 1024u
300 #define _PDCLIB_EOFFLAG 2048u
301 /* stream is wide-oriented */
302 #define _PDCLIB_WIDESTREAM 4096u
303 /* stream is byte-oriented */
304 #define _PDCLIB_BYTESTREAM 8192u
305 /* file associated with stream should be remove()d on closing (tmpfile()) */
306 #define _PDCLIB_DELONCLOSE 16384u
307 /* stream handle should not be free()d on close (stdin, stdout, stderr) */
308 #define _PDCLIB_STATIC 32768u
310 /* Position / status structure for getpos() / fsetpos(). */
311 struct _PDCLIB_fpos_t
313 _PDCLIB_uint64_t offset; /* File position offset */
314 int status; /* Multibyte parsing state (unused, reserved) */
318 struct _PDCLIB_file_t
320 _PDCLIB_fd_t handle; /* OS file handle */
321 char * buffer; /* Pointer to buffer memory */
322 _PDCLIB_size_t bufsize; /* Size of buffer */
323 _PDCLIB_size_t bufidx; /* Index of current position in buffer */
324 _PDCLIB_size_t bufend; /* Index of last pre-read character in buffer */
325 struct _PDCLIB_fpos_t pos; /* Offset and multibyte parsing state */
326 _PDCLIB_size_t ungetidx; /* Number of ungetc()'ed characters */
327 unsigned char * ungetbuf; /* ungetc() buffer */
328 unsigned int status; /* Status flags; see above */
329 /* multibyte parsing status to be added later */
330 char * filename; /* Name the current stream has been opened with */
331 struct _PDCLIB_file_t * next; /* Pointer to next struct (internal) */
334 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
335 /* Internal data types */
336 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
338 /* Structure required by both atexit() and exit() for handling atexit functions */
339 struct _PDCLIB_exitfunc_t
341 struct _PDCLIB_exitfunc_t * next;
342 void (*func)( void );
345 /* Structures required by malloc(), realloc(), and free(). */
346 struct _PDCLIB_headnode_t
348 struct _PDCLIB_memnode_t * first;
349 struct _PDCLIB_memnode_t * last;
352 struct _PDCLIB_memnode_t
355 struct _PDCLIB_memnode_t * next;
358 /* Status structure required by _PDCLIB_print(). */
359 struct _PDCLIB_status_t
361 int base; /* base to which the value shall be converted */
362 _PDCLIB_int_fast32_t flags; /* flags and length modifiers */
363 _PDCLIB_size_t n; /* print: maximum characters to be written */
364 /* scan: number matched conversion specifiers */
365 _PDCLIB_size_t i; /* number of characters read/written */
366 _PDCLIB_size_t current;/* chars read/written in the CURRENT conversion */
367 char * s; /* *sprintf(): target buffer */
368 /* *sscanf(): source string */
369 _PDCLIB_size_t width; /* specified field width */
370 _PDCLIB_size_t prec; /* specified field precision */
371 struct _PDCLIB_file_t * stream; /* *fprintf() / *fscanf() stream */
372 _PDCLIB_va_list arg; /* argument stack */
375 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
376 /* Declaration of helper functions (implemented in functions/_PDCLIB). */
377 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
379 /* This is the main function called by atoi(), atol() and atoll(). */
380 _PDCLIB_intmax_t _PDCLIB_atomax( const char * s );
382 /* Two helper functions used by strtol(), strtoul() and long long variants. */
383 const char * _PDCLIB_strtox_prelim( const char * p, char * sign, int * base );
384 _PDCLIB_uintmax_t _PDCLIB_strtox_main( const char ** p, unsigned int base, _PDCLIB_uintmax_t error, _PDCLIB_uintmax_t limval, int limdigit, char * sign );
386 /* Digits arrays used by various integer conversion functions */
387 extern char _PDCLIB_digits[];
388 extern char _PDCLIB_Xdigits[];
390 /* The worker for all printf() type of functions. The pointer spec should point
391 to the introducing '%' of a conversion specifier. The status structure is to
392 be that of the current printf() function, of which the members n, s, stream
393 and arg will be preserved; i will be updated; and all others will be trashed
395 Returns a pointer to the first character not parsed as conversion specifier.
397 const char * _PDCLIB_print( const char * spec, struct _PDCLIB_status_t * status );
399 /* The worker for all scanf() type of functions. The pointer spec should point
400 to the introducing '%' of a conversion specifier. The status structure is to
401 be that of the current scanf() function, of which the member stream will be
402 preserved; n, i, and s will be updated; and all others will be trashed by
404 Returns a pointer to the first character not parsed as conversion specifier,
405 or NULL in case of error.
406 FIXME: Should distinguish between matching and input error
408 const char * _PDCLIB_scan( const char * spec, struct _PDCLIB_status_t * status );
410 /* Parsing any fopen() style filemode string into a number of flags. */
411 unsigned int _PDCLIB_filemode( const char * mode );
413 /* Sanity checking and preparing of read buffer, should be called first thing
414 by any stdio read-data function.
415 Returns 0 on success, EOF on error.
416 On error, EOF / error flags and errno are set appropriately.
418 int _PDCLIB_prepread( struct _PDCLIB_file_t * stream );
420 /* Sanity checking, should be called first thing by any stdio write-data
422 Returns 0 on success, EOF on error.
423 On error, error flags and errno are set appropriately.
425 int _PDCLIB_prepwrite( struct _PDCLIB_file_t * stream );
427 /* Closing all streams on program exit */
428 void _PDCLIB_closeall( void );
430 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
432 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
434 /* If PDCLib would call its error number "errno" directly, there would be no way
435 to catch its value from underlying system calls that also use it (i.e., POSIX
436 operating systems). That is why we use an internal name, providing a means to
437 access it through <errno.h>.
439 extern int _PDCLIB_errno;
441 /* A mechanism for delayed evaluation. (Not sure if this is really necessary, so
442 no detailed documentation on the "why".)
444 int * _PDCLIB_errno_func( void ) _PDCLIB_nothrow;
446 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
447 /* <ctype.h> lookup tables */
448 /* -------------------------------------------------------------------------- */
450 #define _PDCLIB_CTYPE_ALPHA 1
451 #define _PDCLIB_CTYPE_BLANK 2
452 #define _PDCLIB_CTYPE_CNTRL 4
453 #define _PDCLIB_CTYPE_GRAPH 8
454 #define _PDCLIB_CTYPE_PUNCT 16
455 #define _PDCLIB_CTYPE_SPACE 32
456 #define _PDCLIB_CTYPE_LOWER 64
457 #define _PDCLIB_CTYPE_UPPER 128
458 #define _PDCLIB_CTYPE_DIGIT 256
459 #define _PDCLIB_CTYPE_XDIGT 512
461 struct _PDCLIB_ctype_t
463 _PDCLIB_uint16_t flags;
466 unsigned char collation;